10-Minute ITH Key Fobs That Look Store-Bought: Clean Satin Edges, Zero Bulk, and Hardware That Won’t Slip

· EmbroideryHoop
10-Minute ITH Key Fobs That Look Store-Bought: Clean Satin Edges, Zero Bulk, and Hardware That Won’t Slip
Copyright Notice

Educational commentary only. This page is an educational study note and commentary on the original creator’s work. All rights remain with the original creator; no re-upload or redistribution.

Please watch the original video on the creator’s channel and subscribe to support more tutorials—your one click helps fund clearer step-by-step demos, better camera angles, and real-world tests. Tap the Subscribe button below to cheer them on.

If you are the creator and would like us to adjust, add sources, or remove any part of this summary, please reach out via the site’s contact form and we’ll respond promptly.

Table of Contents

Fast ITH (In-The-Hoop) key fobs are marketed as the ultimate "quick win" project. They are supposed to be the palate cleanser between complex quilts or garment construction. But the reality for many beginners is often a distinct feeling of frustration: batting fuzz that stubbornly peeks out of satin stitches, back fabric that slips and leaves a raw edge exposed, or hardware that slides off after a week of use. When these errors happen, the project stops being a fun gift and becomes a source of anxiety.

This guide is not just a set of instructions; it is a calibration of your process. We are moving beyond "hoping it works" to a clean, repeatable engineering standard for Dawn’s satin-finish ITH key fobs (7"–14" lengths). Whether you are gifting these to family or stocking an Etsy shop, the goal is a product that is crisp, durable, and indistinguishable from professional manufacturing.

Calm the Panic: Why ITH Key Fobs Go Sideways (and Why Yours Don’t Have To)

To master this project, you must first understand the physics of what you are asking your machine to do. You are creating a "sandwich" of stabilizer, batting, and two layers of fabric, and then asking a high-speed needle to encase the raw edges with a satin stitch.

If your first attempt looked bulky at the ends, or if the satin edge didn’t fully "wrap" the side, you likely didn't fail at sewing; you failed at thickness management. The design is intentionally built so the satin stitch only finishes the two long sides, while the ends stay raw until hardware time. That is not a shortcut; it is a structural necessity to avoid stuffing a thick, destabilized fabric stack into a narrow metal clamp.

One more reassurance for your peace of mind: the "puffy" look people love (achieved with foam or batting) is absolutely achievable. However, it requires a specific density of tackdown and a trimming precision that most manuals don't cover. If you control shifting, you control the finish.

The Supply Reality Check: Match the Design File to 1" vs 1.25" Key Fob Hardware

Before you stitch a single placement line, you need to perform a physical audit of your hardware. Key fob hardware generally comes in two standard widths: 1 inch and 1.25 inch. A 1.25-inch file stitched for 1-inch hardware will result in a fob that physically cannot fit into the clamp. Conversely, a 1-inch fob in a 1.25-inch clamp will slide out immediately.

The "Hidden Consumables" List: Beyond the obvious, ensure you have these specific tools to avoid mid-project failure:

  • Needles: Use a 75/11 Sharp (not Ballpoint). Sharps penetrate multiple layers and woven cotton cleanly; ballpoints can deflection off the dense stabilizer, causing zig-zag lines to look uneven.
  • Adhesive: A temporary spray adhesive (like Odif 505) or fabric-safe tape (Transpore medical tape).
  • Bobbin Thread: 60wt Bobbin Thread that matches your top thread. Standard white bobbin thread will show on the back of a key fob, ruining the illusion of a reversible product.

You’ll need:

  • Embroidery machine
  • Standard 5x7 hoop
  • Medium-weight Tearaway Stabilizer (2.0 - 2.5 oz).
  • Piece A: batting or foam (specifically Pellon Flex-Foam or warm-and-natural batting).
  • Piece B: top fabric (Cotton woven or canvas; avoid slippery synthetics for your first try).
  • Piece C: back fabric.
  • Tape (Transpore 3M tape prevents gummy residue on needles).
  • Embroidery thread + matching bobbin thread.
  • Double-Curved Appliqué Scissors (crucial for getting close to the stitch).
  • Key fob hardware (1" or 1.25").
  • Clamp pliers (wide-nose/key fob pliers with rubber tips to prevent scratching).
  • Fast-dry clear craft glue (Beacon 3-in-1 Advanced Craft Glue).

Prep Checklist (do this once, save yourself three re-dos)

  • Measure Hardware: Use a ruler or calipers to confirm if your hardware is 1" or 1.25". Load the corresponding file.
  • Pre-Cut Zones: Labelling your fabric pieces (A, B, C) saves mental energy during the stitch sequence.
  • Bobbin Swap: Wind and insert a bobbin that matches your top thread color.
  • Needle Check: Run your finger nail down the needle tip. If you feel a "catch" or burr, replace it immediately.
  • Tools Layout: Place tape, scissors, and pliers on your right-hand side (or dominant side). ITH projects move fast; searching for scissors leads to glue drying prematurely.

The “Hidden” Prep Pros Use: Stabilizer + Hooping Tension That Prevents Ripples

This project relies on Tearaway Stabilizer as the foundation. The tension of your stabilizer in the hoop is the single most critical factor for rectangular alignment.

Sensory Check (The Drum Test): When you hoop the stabilizer, tighten the screw finger-tight, then gently pull the edges. Tap the center of the stabilizer. It should sound like a tight drum skin—a distinct, high-pitched thrum. If it sounds dull or loose, your rectangle will distort into a parallelogram during stitching.

If you are setting up a repeatable workflow, a dedicated hooping for embroidery machine routine (same stabilizer, same hoop tension, same tape placement) is what makes the "under 10 minutes" promise realistic.

Machine Speed Sweet Spot: While your machine might go up to 1000 stitches per minute (SPM), slow down.

  • Placement/Tackdown: 600 SPM.
  • Satin Finish: 500-600 SPM.

Slowing down reduces the vibration that causes layers to shift, ensuring your satin stitches line up perfectly with the tackdown edge.

Warning: Keep fingers clear when trimming close to tackdown stitches. Use a "table-flat" hand position to leverage stability. Never cut toward the hoop frame; a slip can gouge the plastic loop or snap a needle if the tip remains embedded in the foam.

Placement Stitch on Tearaway Stabilizer: Start Clean So the Rest Stays Accurate

Hoop your tearaway stabilizer, confirming the "drum skin" tension. Load the ITH key fob file and stitch the Placement Line.

Visual Check: Look at the stitched rectangle. Is it geometrically perfect with 90-degree corners?

  • Pass: Sharp corners, straight lines.
  • Fail: Bowed lines or rounded corners. This indicates the stabilizer shifted. Do not proceed; re-hoop tighter. Proceeding on a warped foundation guarantees a warped final product.

Tape Piece A Batting/ Foam Like You Mean It (This Is Where Shifting Starts)

Place Piece A (Batting/Foam) directly over the placement stitching. You must secure this layer so it cannot "creep" under the pressure of the presser foot.

Action: Tape all four corners or use a light mist of temporary spray adhesive. Stitch the Tackdown Line for Piece A. Remove the tape immediately after stitching to avoid stitching over it later.

Why this matters: Batting and foam have "loft" and "spring." If the material lifts even a millimeter, the tackdown stitch will push it rather than pierce it, creating a wave that will haunt you during the satin finish.

Trim Batting Extremely Close—Because Satin Stitch Can’t Hide Fluff Forever

This is the step that separates amateurs from pros. After the tackdown, you must trim the batting/foam.

The Action: Use your curved appliqué scissors. Place the blades flat against the stabilizer, essentially gliding over the paper, and cut the foam as close to the stitching as physically possible without cutting the thread.

The "Fingernail Test": After trimming, run your fingernail over the edge of the stitching.

  • Pass: You feel the thread ridge, but no foam "lip" extending beyond it.
  • Fail: You feel a squishy edge of foam sticking out. Trim again.

What the video reveals: The design's tackdown line is intentionally narrower than the placement line. This buffer exists only if you trim flush. If you leave 2mm of foam, the final satin stitch will struggle to cover it, resulting in "batting fuzz" poking through the finished edge.

Place Piece B Top Fabric + Quilt It: Pick Your Thread Moment on Purpose

Place Piece B (Top Fabric) so it covers the batting area completely, extending past the edges by at least 1/2 inch on all sides.

Visual Alignment: If using a striped or geometric print, look at the grainline of the fabric relative to your hoop. Ensure the pattern runs parallel to the hoop edge. You cannot unclench the fabric once the tackdown fires.

Stitch the Tackdown and the Quilting Pattern.

Stylistic Decision:

  • Subtle/Texture: Use matching thread. The quilting adds structural integrity and a "hand-feel" of quality without visual noise.
  • Pop/Decorative: Change to a contrasting thread color before this step.

Comment-inspired pro tip: Beginners often skip the quilting to save time. Don't. Quilting compresses the foam layer, turning a puffy tube into a structured, leather-like accessory. It creates the internal stability needed for long-term use.

Optional Name Placement: Don’t Put Text Where the Hardware Will Eat It

If customizing with a straightforward font or monogram, stitch it after quilting and before adding the back fabric.

The "Safe Zone" Rule:

  1. Vertical Centering: Do not center the name on the entire strip. The bottom 1 inch will be looped into hardware. Center your text visually in the upper 2/3rds of the usable space.
  2. Orientation: To read correctly when holding the keys, the text should read from the loop down toward the ring, or vertically.
  3. Density: Avoid heavy, blocky fonts on narrow 1-inch fobs; they can cause the foam to perforate and tear.

Flip the Hoop and Float Piece C Back Fabric (Coverage Beats Perfection)

Remove the hoop from the machine, but do not removes the stabilizer from the hoop. Turn the hoop over to expose the underside (the "tub" side).

This technique is known as "Floating". You are securing Piece C (Back Fabric) to the underside of the stabilizer.

Action: Center Piece C over the stitched outline on the back. Tape securely at all four corners using Transpore or painter's tape. Ensure the fabric is taut—flat like a sheet, not stretched like spandex.

Common Pitfall: Ensure your tape is nowhere near the stitch path. If the needle stitches through standard scotch tape, it gets gummy, leading to skipped stitches immediately.

Stitch the Back Tackdown.

Checkpoint: Inspect the underside. Is the fabric flat? Are there any tucks or pleats? If yes, rip the stitches and re-tape. A pleat on the back is permanent tactile failure.

Trim Only the Two Long Sides—This “Feels Wrong” but Prevents Hardware Bulk

Remove hoop from the machine (keep stabilizer hooped). Place it on a flat surface.

The Action: Trim the Top Fabric and Back Fabric close to the stitching, but ONLY along the two long vertical sides. DO NOT TRIM THE TOP AND BOTTOM ENDS.

Why? The satin stitch will structurally seal the long sides to prevent fraying. However, the top and bottom ends will eventually be stuffed into the metal hardware clamp. If you put a satin stitch there, the stack becomes rock hard and too thick for the clamp teeth to penetrate. Leaving the ends raw (but secured by tackdown) keeps the assembly compressible.

Expected Outcome: You have a clean, narrow strip with raw fabric tails at the top and bottom.

Satin Stitch + Optional Center Top Stitch: Make It Pretty, Then Make It Durable

This is the victory lap. Re-attach the hoop.

Critical Setup: Ensure your bobbin thread matches your top thread. Because this is a two-sided item, you don't want white bobbin thread showing as tiny white "dots" on the dark back fabric (a phenomenon called "pokies").

Stitch the Final Satin Stitch along the long sides.

Optionally, run the center running stitch (Top Stitch). This adds a "belt-like" durability and prevents the layers from delaminating over years of use.

Tension Check (The 1/3 Rule): Look at the back of the satin stitch. You should see 1/3 top thread, 1/3 bobbin thread in the center, and 1/3 top thread. If the top thread is wrapping loosely to the back, tighten your top tension slightly.

Setup Checklist (before you run the satin stitch)

  • Trim Check: Confirm you trimmed ONLY the long sides.
  • Bobbin Check: Is the color matching? Is there enough thread on the bobbin to finish the dense satin stitch without running out?
  • Speed Check: Lower machine speed to 600 SPM for precision tracking.
  • Needle Path: Ensure the back fabric isn't folded over under the hoop where it could get caught in the needle.

Pop It Out, Tear Away Stabilizer Gently, and Fix the “Poking Out” Edge Like a Pro

Remove the project from the hoop. Gently tear away the stabilizer from the outside edges.

The Friction Trick: Even with perfect trimming, you may see tiny "whiskers" of stabilizer or batting poking through the satin. The Fix: Do not cut them. Instead, wet your finger slightly or use natural friction to rub the edge of the satin stitch rapidly. This friction generates heat and pushes the fibers back under the thread bloom. It effectively burnishes the edge.

Trim the Ends to About 1/4"—Now You’re Building for the Hardware Clamp

Now, address the raw ends.

Measurement: Use a ruler to trim the raw fabric ends to exactly 1/4 inch from the design edge.

Why 1/4 inch?

  • Too Short: The fabric slips out of the clamp.
  • Too Long: The fabric bunches up inside the clamp, preventing the teeth from biting.

1/4 inch is the "Goldilocks" zone for standard key fob hardware deepness.

Glue + Clamp Hardware: The Two-Dab Method That Stops Slipping

Hardware installation is mechanical, not artistic. Use force and chemistry.

The video uses a reliability sequence:

  1. Fold: Fold the strap in half to bring the two raw ends together.
  2. Glue 1: Place a tiny dab of Beacon 3-in-1 between the raw ends to fuse them. Hold for 10 seconds.
  3. Glue 2: Place a thin bead of glue inside the metal hardware channel.
  4. Insert: Slide the fused fabric ends into the metal channel. Ensure it is seated fully against the back wall of the hardware.
  5. Protect: Place a scrap of fabric or fleece over the metal hardware to protect the finish.
  6. Clamp: Use the wide-nose pliers. Squeeze with firm, steady pressure until you hear the metal teeth bite. You might feel a dull "crunch"—that is the sound of security.

Comment-inspired pro tip: If you have ever had a key fob fall off the metal, it is because you skipped the glue. The glue prevents micro-slippage while the metal teeth do the heavy holding.

Operation Checklist (the last 90 seconds that decide quality)

  • Length Check: Are ends trimmed to exactly 1/4"?
  • Glue Check: Did you adhere the fabric ends together before inserting into the metal?
  • Seating: Is the fabric pushed all the way to the back of the metal channel?
  • Pressure: Did you squeeze the pliers until the hardware lips are parallel needed?
  • Scratch Check: Did you use a scrap cloth buffer between pliers and hardware?

Warning: Magnetic Hazard & Pinch Points. Key fob pliers have high leverage. Keep the fleshy part of your palm away from the hinge. Also, if you use magnetic cups to hold your hardware, keep them away from your computerized machine screen and credit cards.

Stabilizer Decision Tree: Tearaway vs Mesh Wash-Away (and When Each Makes Sense)

Use this logic flow to determine your consumable setup:

  • IF you are using thick vinyl or heavy canvas AND want a stiff, board-like finish:
    • USE: Medium Weight Tearaway (2.5oz). This provides the most rigid support for satin stitches.
  • IF you are using lighter cottons AND dislike the "crunchy" sound of leftover paper inside the fob:
    • USE: Poly-Mesh (Cutaway) or Heavy Water Soluble. (Note: Water soluble requires careful removal to avoid wetting the metal hardware later).
  • IF you are producing 50+ units for a bulk order:
    • USE: Tearaway. It is faster to remove, cheaper, and standardizes the "feel" across the entire batch.

Troubleshooting the Annoying Stuff (So You Don’t Waste a Whole Batch)

Symptom Likely Cause The "Quick Fix" Future Prevention
Fuzz poking through satin Batting not trimmed flush. Rub edge firmly with finger (friction). Trim batting with curved scissors until flush with tackdown.
Back fabric missed stitch Fabric aligned to edge, not overlapped. None (Discard). Always cut Back Fabric 1" larger than design.
Hardware falls off Fabric ends too thick or short. Re-glue and crimp (if possible). Trim ends to exactly 1/4"; use glue inside hardware.
Quilting invisible Thread color blends too well. Use markers to tint thread (hack). Select contrasting thread color during setup.
Hoop Burn Hoop tightened too aggressively. Steam/Water spritz. Use Magnetic Hoops or wrap hoop inner ring.

The Upgrade Path: When a Magnetic Hoop or Multi-Needle Machine Pays for Itself

If you are stitching one key fob for a Sunday afternoon craft, the standard "hoop and tape" method described above is perfectly adequate. However, if you attempt to make 25, 50, or 100 fobs for a craft fair or corporate order, you will quickly hit a "pain wall."

The bottleneck is the handling time: loosening the screw, hooping the stabilizer, taping the back, fighting the tape curling up, and dealing with "hoop burn" (the ring marks left on fabric).

Level 1 Upgrade: The Magnetic Workflow Professionals rarely use screw-tightened hoops for high-volume flat items. They use magnetic embroidery hoops.

  • The Advantage: Instead of unscrewing and wrestling with tension, the magnets snap the stabilizer into place instantly.
  • The Floating Hack: When it comes time to add the Back Fabric (Piece C), standard hoops make "floating" difficult because you have to flip the hoop without dislodging the inner ring. magnetic frames for embroidery machine hold the stabilizer so securely that flipping the hoop to tape the back is safer and faster.
  • Burn Prevention: Because magnets hold by vertical pressure rather than friction distortion, they eliminate the "hoop burn" marks that ruin velvet or delicate cottons.

Level 2 Upgrade: The Hooping Station If you find your wrists hurting from repetitive alignment, pairing a embroidery magnetic hoops system with an embroidery hooping station provides a fixed jig. This ensures every single key fob is centered exactly the same way, reducing the need to "eyeball" the placement line every time.

Level 3 Upgrade: Capacity Scaling Finally, consider the thread changes. A key fob might require 3-4 color stops (Placement, Tackdown, Quilting, Satin). On a single-needle machine, that is 4 manual stops per unit. If you are scaling up, a multi-needle machine (like reliable SEWTECH models) automates these changes. While an investment, the ability to hit "Start" and walk away while the machine handles the quilting transition is how a hobby becomes a profitable business.

Warning: Pacemaker & Electronics Safety. Professional magnetic embroidery hoops use rare-earth magnets. They are incredibly strong. Keep them at least 6 inches away from pacemakers, insulin pumps, and computerized machine screens. Never let two magnets snap together without a spacer in between—they can pinch skin severely.

A Final “Looks Expensive” Standard: What to Check Before You Gift or Sell

Before you package your fob, perform this final Quality Control (QC) pass. This is the difference between "Homemade" (derogatory) and "Handmade" (premium).

  1. The Crush Test: Squeeze the edges. They should feel firm, not squishy or hollow.
  2. The Satin Sweep: Run your thumb down the long edge. It should be smooth. If it's rough, your density was too low or your needle was dull.
  3. The Toggle: Tug the fabric strap while holding the hardware. There should be zero play or wiggle.
  4. The Backside: Is the bobbin thread visible? It should be matched to the top thread so the back looks just as intentional as the front.

If you hit these four marks, you haven't just made a key fob; you've manufactured a product.

One last workflow note: if you decide to upgrade to magnetic frames for embroidery machine for faster floating, run one complete test unit first. The tension mechanics are slightly different than screw hoops, and you may need to adjust your stabilizer weight slightly to get that perfect "drum skin" sound. Once dialed in, however, you will never want to go back to screws and screwdrivers again.

FAQ

  • Q: Why does batting fuzz poke through the satin stitch on an ITH key fob made with Pellon Flex-Foam or warm-and-natural batting?
    A: Trim the batting/foam flush to the tackdown line before the satin stitch; satin stitch cannot hide extra loft.
    • Trim: Use double-curved appliqué scissors and cut as close to the tackdown stitching as physically possible without cutting thread.
    • Fix: If tiny whiskers still show after stitching, rub the satin edge firmly with a slightly damp finger to push fibers back under the thread.
    • Success check: Run a fingernail along the edge—feel thread ridge only, with no “squishy” foam lip extending past it.
    • If it still fails: Recheck that Piece A was taped/sprayed at all four corners before tackdown so the foam did not creep during stitching.
  • Q: How do you know tearaway stabilizer is hooped tight enough for an ITH key fob placement line on a 5x7 hoop?
    A: Hoop the medium-weight tearaway stabilizer until it passes the “drum test,” or the placement rectangle will distort.
    • Tighten: Tighten the hoop screw finger-tight, then gently pull stabilizer edges evenly before final snugging.
    • Test: Tap the center of the hooped stabilizer and listen for a high-pitched “thrum.”
    • Success check: The placement rectangle stitches with straight sides and sharp 90° corners (not bowed lines or rounded corners).
    • If it still fails: Re-hoop tighter and slow the machine for placement/tackdown to about 600 SPM to reduce vibration-driven shifting.
  • Q: What needle and bobbin thread prevent uneven lines and “pokies” on a satin-finish ITH key fob (reversible look)?
    A: Use a 75/11 Sharp needle and matching 60wt bobbin thread so the satin edge stays clean on both sides.
    • Swap: Install a 75/11 Sharp (not a ballpoint) before starting the project.
    • Wind: Use 60wt bobbin thread that matches the top thread color for the satin finish.
    • Success check: On the back of the satin stitch, the stitch balance looks even (no obvious white dots/pokies showing through on dark fabric).
    • If it still fails: Adjust top tension slightly and confirm the bobbin still has enough thread to complete the dense satin pass without running out mid-edge.
  • Q: Why does the back fabric get “missed” or leave a raw edge exposed when floating Piece C under an ITH key fob?
    A: Float a back fabric piece that is larger than the design and tape it flat at all four corners before the back tackdown.
    • Cut: Make Piece C at least 1 inch larger than the design area so it fully overlaps the stitch path.
    • Tape: Flip the hooped stabilizer to the underside and tape corners securely with Transpore or painter’s tape (keep tape out of the stitch path).
    • Success check: After the back tackdown, the underside fabric is fully captured with no gaps, tucks, or pleats.
    • If it still fails: Remove stitches and re-tape—any pleat or misalignment on the back is permanent once the satin edge is done.
  • Q: Why must an ITH key fob be trimmed on only the two long sides before the final satin stitch (and not the top and bottom ends)?
    A: Trim only the two long vertical sides close to stitching; leaving ends untrimmed and unsatin-stitched prevents hardware bulk.
    • Trim: Cut top and back fabrics close to the stitch line on the long sides only.
    • Leave: Do not trim or satin-stitch the top and bottom ends—those raw ends must stay compressible to fit into the metal clamp.
    • Success check: The strip looks clean and narrow on the long sides, while the top/bottom ends remain as raw fabric “tails.”
    • If it still fails: If hardware will not close later, confirm no satin stitching was added to the ends and that the fabric stack was not thickened by extra material.
  • Q: How do you stop key fob hardware from slipping off after a week when installing 1-inch or 1.25-inch key fob clamps?
    A: Trim ends to exactly 1/4 inch and use the two-dab glue method before crimping with wide-nose pliers.
    • Measure: Trim raw ends to 1/4 inch—too short slips out, too long bunches and prevents teeth from biting.
    • Glue: Dab glue between the two raw ends first (fuse them), then add a thin bead of glue inside the metal channel.
    • Clamp: Seat fabric fully to the back wall of the channel, protect the finish with scrap fabric, then crimp firmly until the hardware lips are parallel.
    • Success check: Perform a tug test—hold the hardware and pull the strap; there should be zero wiggle or play.
  • Q: What safety steps prevent needle injuries and trimming accidents during close cutting on ITH key fob tackdown stitches?
    A: Slow down and trim with a table-flat hand position, keeping fingers away from the needle path and never cutting toward the hoop.
    • Slow: Run placement/tackdown around 600 SPM and satin around 500–600 SPM for control.
    • Position: Hold scissors low and flat; trim away from the hoop frame to avoid gouging plastic or snapping a needle.
    • Success check: Trimming stays tight to the stitch line with no nicked threads and no contact marks on the hoop.
    • If it still fails: Stop and re-position the hoop on a flat table before trimming—rushing close cuts is the most common cause of slips.
  • Q: When should an ITH key fob workflow upgrade from screw hoops to magnetic embroidery hoops or to a multi-needle SEWTECH embroidery machine?
    A: Upgrade when handling time and hoop burn become the bottleneck; fix technique first, then change tools, then scale capacity.
    • Level 1 (technique): Standardize one routine—same stabilizer weight, drum-tight hooping, tape placement, and slower speed for satin alignment.
    • Level 2 (tool): Choose magnetic embroidery hoops when frequent hooping/flipping for floating backs causes shifting, tape frustration, or hoop burn on delicate fabrics.
    • Level 3 (capacity): Consider a multi-needle SEWTECH embroidery machine when repeated color stops per fob (placement/tackdown/quilting/satin) create too many manual thread-change interruptions for batch production.
    • Success check: Batch output becomes consistent—placement rectangles stay square, edges stay smooth, and per-unit handling time drops without quality loss.